The expected return on an investment, taking into account the level of risk involved.
A mysterious or intangible quality or factor that contributes to success or attractiveness.
The process of exposing something to high-energy radiation, such as X-rays, in order to sterilize it or modify its properties.
The yield or return on an investment, calculated based on a specific variable or factor.
A technique used to determine the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, using X-rays to create a diffraction pattern.
A analytical technique that uses X-rays to determine the elemental composition of a sample.
The value of something in terms of a specific variable or factor.
A theory that explains the relationship between efficiency and the use of resources, and how this can be improved through changes in technology or management practices.
The lack of efficiency or productivity in a company or individual.
The efficiency with which a company or individual produces goods or services, taking into account all available resources and technology.
A risk or uncertainty that is difficult to predict or quantify.
The analysis of the value of something in terms of a specific variable or factor.
A technique used to study the structure of materials, using X-rays to create a diffraction pattern.
A diagnostic technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body.
A technique used to identify and measure the chemical elements in a sample, using X-rays to excite the atoms and measure their emitted radiation.